HIV/AIDS free essay sample

HIV/AIDS is killing more and more South Africans daily and the mere possibility of a fourth line anti-retroviral treatment which has undergone the correct testing and systems should be made known to the public. Due to the new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5 which permits the Minister of Health to supress findings which she deems counter to current state policies by issuing a restraint on Professors Spies and Maseko, their treatment can now not be published. As counsel for Professors Maseko and Spies, they have standing to bring this constitutional challenge to the new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5. The challenge in question is one which entails real, earnest and vital controversy between litigants and nothing about the treatment is hypothetical. A favourable court decision for Professors Maseko and Spies will remedy the interference as it will be a development in law and will assist towards further decisions of this nature. We will write a custom essay sample on HIV/AIDS or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As in the case of Ferreira v Levin NO, where Chaskalson P held that the allegation need merely be that, objectively speaking, a right in the Bill of Rights has been infringed or threatened, this case, the right of freedom of expression in being violated. The right which is infringed upon is not emotional, but objective. By not being allowed to suppress their findings, Professors Maseko and Spies’ personal rights as per the Bill of Rights and their interests have been infringed upon and therefore do have standing. Taking this into consideration, Professors Maseko and Spies are entitled to apply for relief, including declaration of rights. They are able to demonstrate that there is sufficient interest, besides their own, in having their treatment published by just taking into account the statistics of deaths caused by HIV/AIDS and the need for tested treatment. Besides being personally affected by the new Medicines Control Amendment act5, the fundamental rights of Professors Maseko and Spies are at stake as their rights have been threatened by the Minister of Health issuing a prior restraint in publication. There is no evidence available that proves this treatment to be dangerous and is in fact seen as a breakthrough by international and domestic experts. The Minister of Health remains certain that the garlic, African Potatoes and vitamins is sufficient enough. In the case Janse van Rensburg v Minister van Handel en Nywerheid, Professors Maseko and Spies are entitled to know what are considered to be the dangerous elements of their treatment since no alternative relief was provided. Allowing the treatment to be released will be of great interest to the public and will benefit a great number of them too. The main personal rights of Professors Maseko and Spies which are being infringed upon are their freedom to the press and other media, their freedom to impart information or ideas and their academic freedom of scientific research, since their research findings have been suppressed. Taking into account all the above factors, Professors Maseko and Spies do have standing to bring this constitutional challenge to the new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5. As soon as a fundamental right has been infringed upon, it is the individual’s right to challenge this and stand before the court with their findings, proof and evidence. The Treatment Action Campaign’s Vision is to follow a unified quality health care system which provides equal access to HIV prevention and treatment services for all people. Their mission it to ensure that every person living with HIV has access to quality comprehensive prevention and treatment services to live a healthy life. They will approach their mission by securing comprehensive treatment and prevention services in selected focus districts as a model for other districts and to inform and support national advocacy efforts through its branches, providing a platform for people to mobilise and organise around HIV and related health rights. The new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5 permits the Minister of Health to suppress any scientific findings she deems to run counter to current state health policies by issuing a prior restraint on publication. Professors Maseko and Spies have discovered a fourth line anti-retroviral treatment that has proven to be a efficacious in combating the conditions of patients with HIV/AIDS and drug resistant forms of TB. However the Minister of health finds this treatment to be groundless and dangerous and has invoked her power under the new Medicines control Amendment Act s5 to prevent SA Medical Review from publishing the findings. The decision of the Minister of Health is going totally against what the Treatment Action Campaign is all about and therefore the Treatment Action Campaign will with this case and any other case which permits them from reaching their mission, challenge the Constitution by means of litigation, lobbying, advocacy and all forms of legitimate social mobilisation, any barrier or obstacle, including unfair discrimination, that limits access to treatment for HIV/AIDS in the private and public sector. The Treatment Action campaign will at no stage publish a treatment that has not been approved by experts and gone through the necessary tests. The Minister of health is also unable to offer any evidence that the treatment is dangerous. If there was evidence that this is true, there would be no reason to challenge the Constitution and the Treatment Action Campaign would not be interested in publishing the findings. The object and purpose of the Treatment Action Campaign is being threatened and therefore they will challenge this act so that they can have the treatment available for the public which they serve. The public certainly have sufficient interest in the aforesaid remedy. In Ferreira v Levin NO, O’Regan identified factors to determine whether a person is genuinely acting in the public interest and for this case, the factors which are relevant factors are the nature of the relief sought, and the range of persons who may be directly or indirectly affected by any order made by the court the opportunity that those persons had to present evidence and argument to the court. The Treatment Action Campaign has the interest of the public at hand, and does not want to publish the findings for their own benefit, but for the benefit of HIV/AIDS and TB patients as they all have sufficient interest in the remedy which they seek. The new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5 is violating the freedom of speech right and freedom to impart information and the Treatment Action campaign therefore has standing to bring this Constitutional Challenge to the New Medicines Control Amendment Act s5.

The NCLEX Everything You Need to Know

The NCLEX Everything You Need to Know If you’re thinking about becoming a nurse, that’s great news. Nursing is a healthcare field that can always use more great, qualified professionals to keep up with ever-increasing demand. How Do I Become a Nurse?Your first move will be completing a nursing education program. At a minimum, you’ll need certificate in Nursing (which takes about a year to complete) from an accredited school, but depending on your long-term nursing goals, an Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree might be the right first step.Associate’s Degree in Nursing (ADN): This is typically a two-year program offered by an accredited college or university. The program is targeted directly at the science and clinical skills you’ll need to get started as a licensed nurse.Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BS/BSN): This is a four-year degree offered by an accredited college or university. This degree provides a comprehensive background in the sciences (biology, chemistry, human g rowth and development, anatomy and physiology, psychology, and nutrition, among others), as well as nursing theory and humanities. Students also learn the necessary clinical skills.After practicing in the field, some nurses opt to pursue a Master of Science degree in Nursing (MS/MSN), Doctor of Philosophy degree in Nursing (PhD), or a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree to prepare for advanced, research, or leadership roles.As you finish your education, you’ll also need to decide whether you’d like to become a licensed Registered Nurse (RN) or Practical Nurse (PN). What’s the difference between those, you ask?RNs typically have an AS degree or a BS degree in nursing. RNs are found anywhere there are nurses, but are usually employed in hospital or clinical settings. Their many duties include:Administering medications and treatments to patientsCoordinating care plansPerforming diagnostic testsEducating patients on careOverseeing medical teamsThe median annual salary for RNs is $66,640, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.LPNs typically have a one-year certificate in nursing, and tend to work more in long-term care roles (nursing homes, rehabilitation facilities, and the like). Their many duties include:Checking vital signsInserting cathetersAssisting patients with daily tasks and self-careThe median annual salary for PNs is $42,490, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Depending on your career path choice (RN or PN), there are different requirements for licensing.How Do I Get Licensed?Every state requires its nurses to be certified and licensed, so once you’ve got your completed degree in hand, you’ll need to go through the certification process. The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) requires prospective nurses to pass one of two National Council Licensure Examinations (NCLEX): the NCLEX-RN or the NCLEX-PN.The NCLEX-RN TestThe NCLEX-RN is a test required for Registered Nurse (RN) candidates. The NCLEX-RN is designed to test the knowledge, skills and abilities essential for entry-level nurses. It is a computer-adaptive test (CAT), meaning there are no pencil-and-paper test booklets to be found. Test takers sit for the exam at dedicated testing centers, and answer questions entirely on screen. Most questions are multiple-choice, though there may also be questions that call for multiple responses, responding to a chart or other visual element, fill-in-the-blank, or responding to an audio clip. The questions are drawn from a bank that covers these areas:Safe and Effective Care EnvironmentManagement of CareSafety and Infection ControlHealth Promotion and MaintenancePsychosocial IntegrityPhysiological IntegrityBasic Care and ComfortPharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesReduction of Risk PotentialPhysiological AdaptationIt’s important to note that every test-taker’s exam is different: the candidate may see anywhere from 75 to 265 questions on the NCLEX-PN. The average candi date answers 119 questions per exam, though all candidates have a full six hours to complete the test. (Most people take about two and a half hours.)And unlike most standardized tests, you won’t receive a numerical score at the end. The test ends when the candidate is determined to be above or below the pass/fail point, with 95% certainty. If you’re above that line, great- you’ve passed your NCLEX-RN! If you’re not, well, you’ll get ‘em next time! [via Elsevier]The NCLEX-PN TestThe NCLEX-PN is a test required for Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) candidates. The NCLEX-PN is designed to test the knowledge, skills and abilities essential for entry-level nurses. Like the NCLEX-RN, it is a computer-adaptive test (CAT), so you can toss your number 2 pencils.Also like the NCLEX-RN, most questions are multiple-choice, though there may also be questions that call for multiple responses, responding to a chart or other visual element, fill-in-the-blank, o r responding to an audio clip. The questions are drawn from a bank that covers these areas:Safe and Effective Care EnvironmentCoordinated CareSafety and Infection ControlHealth Promotion and MaintenancePsychosocial IntegrityPhysiological IntegrityBasic Care and ComfortPharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesReduction of Risk PotentialPhysiological AdaptationIt’s important to note that every test-taker’s exam is different: the candidate may see anywhere from 85 to 205 questions on the NCLEX-PN. Regardless of how many questions you’re asked, all candidates have a full five hours to complete the test.For the NCLEX-PN, you won’t receive a specific score at the end. The test ends when the candidate is determined to be above or below the pass/fail point, with 95% certainty. If you don’t complete the exam or don’t pass the exam, you can retake it as necessary.How Do I Register for My NCLEX?The NCLEX has a two-step registration process.Submit a lice nsing application to your state’s Board of Nursing. This step is necessary for you to be eligible to sit for the NCLEX. If you register for the test but forget to first submit your application, your registration will be active for aRegister online with the test maker’s site, or by phone.For more information about registering for the NCLEX, see the NCSBN’s website.If you’re thinking about the NCLEX getting ready to take those essential steps toward a challenging, rewarding career as a nurse, that’s fantastic! We here at the Job Network are here to support your career every step of the way. Good luck!

Intro to business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intro to business - Essay Example The rationale behind this is that I also follow rules, guidelines and policies within a system and prefer not to deviate. I still do allow some creativity in decision making but I make sure I am within the given set of parameters. Perhaps, my personality type is beneficial to me since I stick to order and structure which gives me discipline. It is important for an employee to have self-discipline such as coming to work in time. Over-all, I believe the assessments are reliable and valid since they exhibited most of my personality attributes. The assessments clearly identified my characteristics which I found amusing at the same time informative. Because of the assessments, I learned more about myself and the result gives me an idea on how I could adopt to other personality types in a workplace setting. 2. Yes, I would use the assessment since it provides me a good background of the person. Personality tests are used nowadays by companies to ascertain of the person can fit into the right job. The Jung Typology Test gives the manager a good insight on how the prospective employee interacts with other people. If I were hiring for a customer-service oriented job, I might not prefer to hire introverts with a high score since they may not be able to handle complaints well. Their performance behavior may suffer since they get stressed out easily by interaction. Although, it actually depends on the industry when using these assessments. If I were to hire a programmer, then I need to have one who has a certain personality type. One who needs not much interaction but would rather be left alone doing his work. If I make a mistake in matching the personality type with the job, then counterproductive behaviors maybe exhibited by the employee since they get demotivated. 3. I am a Theory Y manager. I believe that people, when given a sense of responsibility that matches their skills and knowledge can be very productive. People are not inherently lazy,

Assess the concept of emotional intelligence and its role in human Essay - 2

Assess the concept of emotional intelligence and its role in human service organisations - Essay Example In contrast, psychologists claim that emption have four major progressive stages, like feeling, motivation, evaluation, and cognition. On the other hand, philosophers are largely interested in the concepts of rationality and emotion (Walton, 2012). This essay analyses the concept of emotional intelligence and its role in human service organisations, in social work practice particularly. The actual explanation of the reasons for emotion-arousals is still unknown till now. Nevertheless, numerous scholars believe that there is a direct connection between recognising major changes in a person’s circumstances and stimulation of emotions. They argue that human beings compare their present circumstances with past ones, and when the extent of present arousal goes beyond the degree they have felt long enough to become used to it, stimulation of emotion occurs (Matthews et al., 2004). Experimental studies report that stimulation of basic and usual emotions, like hatred, love, fear, happiness, sadness, and sexual urge substantiates such reports. It could also be mentioned that the norms of comparisons that human beings use rely on a person’s own source of judgment or belief, and thus is not immune from personal prejudice (Howe, 2008). It could be emphasised that the observed changes in circumstances, which bring about stimulation of emotions, do not have to be r eal at all times. In reality, human beings at times regard imagined scenarios facilitating production of emotions. It is a widely recognised fact that individuals at times are needlessly anxious and fearful of unfamiliar situations. Emotional intelligence (EI) is regarded as a newly developed academic discipline. In a philosophical sense, it means the â€Å"competence to identify and express emotions, understand emotions, assimilate emotions in thought and regulate emotions in the self and in others† (Matthews et

Children Discipline for a Negative Behavior Essay

Children Discipline for a Negative Behavior - Essay Example (Michael and Pearl) lay stress on the fact that one of the major reasons why most of the parents get exasperated and end up beating up their children is because they never take care to discipline them in their early stages and keep waiting for the time until their children start displaying negative behavior. First, they are themselves not highly responsible about meeting up with many needs and demands of their children owing to their excessively busy schedule and consequently, when things start spiraling out of control, they think of no other option but to beat up their children in the hope that this way, they will learn their lessons fast. This is a deplorable strategy practiced by many parents. What is needed is that the emotional maturity level of the parents should be much higher than their child’s, so that they can keep up with the demands of their child in an effective manner. After implementing this strategy, a couple suggested in the research report that â€Å"I can't believe it; we went to a friend's house, and when I told my children to do something, they immediately, without question, obeyed.† (DrSears.com) illuminates the need to discipline the children with love and understanding by presenting a real example of a mother who loved to discipline her child by regular spanking and physical abuse. In fact, that mother was so over indulged by disciplining children with violence that she had a firm belief that spanking should be an undisputed part of any disciplinary strategy.

Dealing With Low And High Achievements In Teaching Education Essay

Dealing With Low And High Achievements In Teaching Education Essay Teaching is not a normal job that can be practiced by any person since it is the transmitting knowledge, behavior, and educational programs. The teacher is responsible for instructing others who may belong to different types of human behavior (Smith, 1997). The purpose of educational or learning groups is to acquire new information or skill through a sharing of knowledge. In most small group learning situations all members have something to teach and something to learn in-text citation is required (Smith, 1997). The role of the teacher is to provide a lecture in the classroom which means transmitting knowledge to a group of students. It is the traditional role of the teacher as one of the information provider in the lecture context. Moreover, the teacher plays an important role in increasing the practical skill of the students. Also, teachers are responsible for facilitating the learning process and mentoring the students performance. Furthermore, teachers are planners for the organization of the contents, the educational strategies, and the educational environment (Harden, 2000). The No Child Left Behind law has brought wide changes to education across the nation. It affects what students are taught, the tests they take, the training of their teachers and the way money is spent on education. Therefore, based on this law, teachers must be highly qualified to teach core academic subjects in every classroom. Specifically, an elementary school teacher must have a bachelors degree and pass a t test in core curriculum areas. While middle and high school teachers must show theyre competent in the subjects they teach by passing a test or by completing an academic major, graduate degree or comparable coursework. The qualification of the teacher helps in giving individual assistant on low achiever as well as high achiever. However, some teachers focus on the low achiever leaving the intelligent students or the high achiever behind which decrease their skills and ambitious (Harden, 2000). 1.1 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to shed light on the role of the teachers in the classroom regarding the existence of both high achievers as well as low achiever students. The study will investigate the impact of giving individual assistance to a segment of the class on the engagement of high achievers in teaching and learning process. H1: increased attention on low achievers will influence negatively on the achievement of gifted or high achiever students H2: teachers can demotivate the successful students which may lead to their failure or their withdrawal from school. Chapter II Literature Review A serious problem nowadays is faced in schools and education which is Giftedness. The meaning of this word can be summarized by a simple sentence measure of potential. Children vary with their ability to understand and get knowledge. Some students are gifted as named by many authors and need little help by their teachers while others have lower abilities to acquire as fast as those mentioned first. The problem stands that focusing on smart children can cause a big trouble to those who fall behind. In other words, the idea of failing to challenge a gifted mind will lead to low self-esteem and under- achievement to the child who thinks he is in the second place. Lack of training in the classroom is leading teachers to lose the ability on recognizing gifted children. Only half of those gifted students are receiving the care they need because gifted students are misdiagnosed. To have ability, to feel power you are never allowed to use, can become shocking and destroying. Many researchers consider the gifted as the largest group of under-achievers in education. According to the National Association for Gifted Children, there is frustration that leads to physical and psychological pain. 2.1.1Gifted Education There are several signs that show giftedness such as endless questions, curiosity, explore subjects, precision in thinking, and the ability to concentrate on intellectually challenging. Children having these signs may require follow intelligence testing so the childs educational needs can be properly provided. Profoundly high achiever students are unique individuals with different talents and interests. Through the follow up of the educational needs, a challenging educational program should be identified in order to develop the intellectual ability since gifted person need coaching to acheive suitable education at a level appropriate to their abilities. Children are becoming more annoyed and unmotivated because of the unappropriate challenge that they are facing at schools. Thats why Students will dumb-down and hide their intelligence to fit in the class if the teachers give a lot of care to the low achievers. The options that help gifted students start by the early entrance to first grade then they must be introduces to independent, multi-age gifted classes in addition to the increase of grades. However, experts stress that gifted kids are children with  special academic needs, who do not always do well without appropriate instruction.   2.1.1.1 Identifying gifted students Schools gifted programs are the most widely known identifications that occur in schools nowadays. Services that recognize gifted students occur in schools and show the levels of students in it (Bruer, 1997). 2.1.1.2 Characteristics Behavior of Gifted Students Gifted children have better comprehension of the nuances of language in early stages. It is clearly shown that half of the talented and gifted population has learned before entering schools. Moreover the rate of reading with less practice has been considered as one of the most commonly known behaviors of giftedness. Constructing and handling abstractions, picking up and interpreting nonverbal cues, drawing inferences and recognizing large vocabularies are also talent of gifted students. Gifted children are natural learners and have an eye for important details. They often prefer reading books and articles written by people older than their age. Their abilities often set them apart from their age mates. The characteristics of gifted students are as following: they are fluent thinkers, able to generate possibilities, consequences, or related ideas, they are flexible thinkers, able to use many different alternatives and approaches to problem solving.  They are original thinkers, seeking new, unusual, or unconventional associations and combinations among items of information. They are sensitive to beauty and are attracted to aesthetic values (Riley, 1999). 2.1.1.3 The needs of High Achievers Understanding of the gifted social and emotional needs is an essential requirement for successful teachers because they believe that not all academic angels and stellar scholars that people assume are gifted. Gifted childrens needs do not differ from others. Intellectual and personality attributes characterize gifted children and should be noted at the outset. The Strengths of gifted students is shown by the ability to retain information quickly while the possible problem is the impatient with others (August Hakuta, 1998). High achiever needs to be engaged in the class even in the implementation to the no child left behind act. 2.2.1 Less Skilled Teachers The solutions to the problem of low achievement are retaining them in grade, placing them in transition rooms, enrolling them in remedial or special education classrooms, or placing them in the bottom track. However these solutions increase low achievement and wont allow students to improve or either graduate from high schools. Low achievement students often receive a reading curriculum that is limited and indicates low expectations for their performance (Knapp Needels, 1990). Appropriate professional development and readily-available technical assistance is needed in order to become highly successful with all students since lack of professional training in dealing with diversity is being recognized and lead to poor training (Phillips Crowell, 1994). It is important that teachers have skills to help students to be more successful as mentioned by August and Hakuta (1998). Underachievement can change over time as said by Delisle and Berger (1990). the best intervention for remediation of any learning difficulty, and teachers who believe that these students can become high achievers even if the behavior did not change (Riley, 1999). Generally, having below average is noticed on children who are low achievers. (100) IQ and resist in the classroom to keep up with general academic requirements (Gresham, MacMillan Bocian, 1996). 2.3.1 Risk Factors for Low Achievement Low achievers face a lot of difficulties. Focusing on the effort of preventing learning difficulties is more important that trying to remediate them (Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, 1998). A close monitor on the progress of all children is essential in addition to the changes made to instructions. 2.3.1.1 General Risk Factors growing up in poverty with physical deficits, who attend schools with chronic school failure, whose culture varies from that of the schools, and who arrive at school speaking languages other than English are considered problems that face certain groups of gifted children. Having poor basic skills, low academic self-concepts, poor auditory memory, and less than average school attendance rates as mentioned by Delisile and Berger (1990) are characteristics of underachievers. Some children risk of dropping out of school if they live in single-parent households, have parents or siblings who did not complete high school, or are home alone more than three hours a day (Dynarski and Gleason, 1999). More than half of the Schools in Urban areas scored chronic failure. The reasons behind this is that they have young and less qualified teachers and high teacher turnover, lack resources, such as well-stocked libraries and up-to-date technology. Moreover, the connections with parents are often non-existent or aggressive and absenteeism of students is high. In addition to these reasons related to the schools system itself, there are reasons related to the students such as enroll high percentages of students who live in poverty, the majority fail to reach even the basic level on national tests (National Education Summit, 1999). 2.3.1.2 Poor skills Schools that provide effective reading instruction and reading practice causes the opportunities to learn letters and to recognize the internal structure of spoken words. Children who have normal or above language skills acquire reading skills that advance motivation and expose children to have literacy. If a child lacks any of the above factors, he has increased possibilities of delayed or impeded reading (National Research Council, 1998). On the other hand, some children lack reading readiness from home and suffer from discouragement in the classroom. There are low literacy expectations, limited resources, and differential instructional practices for these children (Riley, 1999). 2.4.1Effective Instruction Experienced and caring teachers who are able to establish close personal relationships with students, other staff members, and parents must formulate the most important competencies of a successful school. The staff and students succeed when the skills and positive atmosphere meet. It is surprising that many of the new school reform models are reverting to a teacher as factory worker mindset (French, 2000) instead of teacher as a caring expert. Good teachers overcome the obstacles that they face in order to make children stay away from failure. They improve their skills throughout their careers (Snow, Burns, and Griffin, 1998). Moreover, a successful teacher takes time into consideration. They allow more time for discussion and questions and they allow students to participate more and engage in the classes atmosphere (Breaking Ranks, 1996). If a teacher believes that each student has special capabilities and can improve their skills and achieve more, she let her students feel comfortable and encourage them and show them that she cares. 2.5 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurobehavioral disorder which is related to high or low achievement. Student who are hyperactive or irresponsible behave in a way that lead to problems. This problem is a genetic problem that creates lack of focus. Lack of concentration represent one of the symptomf of ADHD. Some students may switch from one thing to another that may cause them to forget the lesson explained even if they are high achievers. This problem allow students to move slowly and become easily confused by any distraction.

The Discovery of Toumai †An Old Hominid :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Discovery of Toumai – An Old Hominid Introduction: The current idea of the evolution of humans is about to make a huge turnabout. The cranium, a jaw fragment, and several teeth of a hominid (a primitive human) were found in the Djurab Desert. The fossils are thought to be, amazingly, between 6 and 7 millions years old. The authorities in Chad have nicknamed the cranium â€Å"Toumai†, which means, â€Å"hope of life† in the Goran language (Walton). Where was it found? The fossils were found in the Djurab Desert in Northern Chad, Central Africa. Of the four areas in the Chad basin, the remains were found in the oldest locality, TM 266 (Toros – Menalla). The remains are well preserved and the cranium is almost complete, considering the difficult detection of fossil layers and the constant sand blowing winds. The cranium has been designated TM 266-01-060-1 (Wood). Only two other hominid fossils have been found in Chad. The first, which was found in 1961, turned out to be a modern human skull that had become so eroded that is looked like an australopith (an early form of hominids). The second set of remains was found in 1995. This hominid was a real australopith and was named Australopithecus bahrelghazali (Wood). But because of where the fossils were found, scientists had to think of another way to date the bones. Absolute – isotope-based – dating methods cannot be applied to the fossil layers at Toros – Menalla because there are no ash layers to provide the necessary argon and potassium. Nor are the sediments suitable for magnetism-based dating methods. Instead, the team matched the rich vertebrate fossil record at TM 266, consisting of examples of 44 different groups, with the equivalent record from sites in East Africa that have absolute dates. The best matches are with two sites in Kenya: The Lukeino Formation of the Tugen Hills (which dates to about 6 million years ago) and the Nawata Formation at Lothagam (5.3-7.4 million years). The upshot is a reliable age estimate of about 6-7 million years for the Toros – Menalla fossils (Wood). How it is different? For over a century and a half, it was believed that humans and African apes are more closely related than humans and orangutans.

Characterization in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

Characterization is a physical description of a character, the way the character acts and the personality traits of the character. Bailey Johnson Jr. is the older brother of Marguerite Ann Johnson, the protagonist of the novel, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou. In order for Maya to become independent, she needs to separate from Bailey. Their original relationship was holding her back. Bailey is described in the book as a bright, clever and light-spirited person. Maya needs to separate from Bailey because she relies on him to fight her battles. He is also a â€Å"God-like† figure to her, which is an unhealthy obsession. Bailey also keeps Maya from believing in herself because Maya puts too much faith in him. Bailey influences Maya both positively and negatively throughout the novel, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Bailey influences Maya negatively because she depends on him to defend herself in her battles. Maya says in the book that, â€Å"Bailey was the greatest person in my life. † Bailey is really the only person for Maya in her life and she looks up to him. He is basically the big brother of Maya’s dreams. Bailey gives Maya that confidence and couragement such as getting back at Maya’s family members and friends who tease her about her imperfections. In the text, Maya describes one of his actions when she explains, â€Å"When our elders said unkind things about my features, Bailey would wink at me from across the room, and I knew that it was a matter of time before he would take revenge. † This is one of the key examples of Maya relying on Bailey too much and giving him that faith instead of herself. Since Maya is relying on her older brother to defend her, she could never become a stronger person individually. Maya is not capable of becoming more independent because she is ignorant of her own reliance on Bailey. Bailey is described in the book by Maya as a savior in her eyes, which is an unhealthy obsession for Maya. She believes that he is a â€Å"God-like† figure in her eyes. This is unhealthy for Maya because she puts too much faith into Bailey and not in herself. Maya describes Bailey as a savior when she explains that, â€Å"It made me want to live a Christian life just to show God I was grateful†, meaning that she wants to show God that she was thankful for a brother like Bailey. Not only does Bailey influence Maya to be herself and not to worry about the thoughts of others, but he also influences her to be a religious person and walk the path of rightousness. This is one of the reasons why Maya wants to become a person like Bailey because he gets into trouble and misbehaves but yet he prays aloud in church. In the text, Angelou describes that, â€Å"Bailey could count on very few punishments for his consistently outragous misbehavior†¦. He could even pray aloud in church and was apt at stealing pickles. This quote also explains how Maya seeks to become more like Bailey. She wishes to be more like Bailey because he is a pure soul to her and she is desperate for that purity in her life. As Bailey and Maya both begin to grow up and mature in their own ways, Maya begins to become independent. One of the key challenges that Maya has faced that has made her independent was with Daddy Bailey. Daddy Bailey became very drunk one night while they were in Mexico and Maya had no choice but to drive, even though this was her first time driving, both of them back home. This was the first time that Maya was actually in control without the help of Bailey. This is important towards Maya because she begins to slowly separate from Bailey. This is important towards Maya because she begins to realize that she doesn’t need Bailey as help to her. She begins to realize that she doesn’t need her big brother as a crutch anymore. In order for Maya to become independent, she needs to separate from Bailey. Their original relationship was holding her back. By the end of the book, Maya still looks up to Bailey for advice on her pregnancy and Bailey still has that influence on Maya. As Bailey continues to grow up, he becomes wiser about his life and the choices he makes in them. He continues to be the big brother she has always loved. The evolution of Bailey is important because it shows the contrast of independence and maturity between himself and Maya. The change in characterization of Bailey throughout the book influences Maya because when Maya and Bailey grow apart, Maya becomes more independent.

Understanding Delphi SET Type - Expert Guide

Understanding Delphi SET Type - Expert Guide One of the Delphi language features not found in other modern languages is the notion of sets. Delphis set type is a collection of values of the same ordinal type. A set is defined using the set of keyword: Set types are usually defined with subranges. In the above example, the TMagicNumber is a custom subrange type allowing variables of the TMagicNumber type to receive values from 1 to 34. Simply put, a subrange type represents a subset of the values in another ordinal type. Possible values of the set type are all the subsets of the base type, including the empty set. A limitation on sets is that they can hold up to 255 elements. In the above example, the TMagicSet set type is a set of TMagicNumber elements - integer numbers from 1 to 34. The declaration TMagicSet set of TMagicNumber is equal to the following declaration: TMagicSet set of 1..34. Set Type Variables In the above example, the variables emptyMagicSet, oneMagicSet and anotherMagicSet are sets of TMagicNumber. To assign a value to a set type variable, use the square brackets and list all the elements of the set. As in: Note 1: every set type variable can hold the empty set, denoted by []. Note 2: the order of the elements in a set has no meaning, nor is it meaningful for an element (value) to be included twice in a set. The IN Keyword To test if an element is included in the set (variable) use the IN keyword: Set Operators The same way you can sum two numbers, you can have a set that is the sum of two sets. With sets your event has more operators: returns the union of two sets.- returns the difference of two sets.* returns the intersection of two sets. return true if two sets are equal - have the same element. returns true if the first set is a subset of the second set. returns true if the first set is a superset of the second set. returns true if two sets are non-identical.IN returns true if an element is included in the set. Heres an example: Will the ShowMessage procedure be executed? If so, what will be displayed? Heres the implementation of the DisplayElements function: Hint: yes. Displayed: 18 | 24 |. Integers, Characters, Booleans Of course, when creating set types you are not restricted to integer values. Delphi ordinal types include character and boolean values. To prevent users to type alpha keys, add this line in the OnKeyPress of an edit control: Sets with Enumerations A commonly used scenario in Delphi code is to mix both enumerated types and set types. Heres an example: Question: will the message be displayed? Answer: no :( Sets in Delphi Control Properties When you need to apply bold to the font used in TEdit controls, you either use the Object Inspector or the following code: The Fonts Style property is a set type property! Heres how it is defined: So, an enumerated type TFontStyle is used as the base type for the set type TFontStyles. The Style property of the TFont class is of type TFontStyles - therefore a set type property. Another example includes the result of the MessageDlg function. A MessageDlg function is used to bring up a message box and obtain the users response. One of the parameters of the function is the Buttons parameter of type TMsgDlgButtons. TMsgDlgButtons is defined as a set of (mbYes, mbNo, mbOK, mbCancel, mbAbort, mbRetry, mbIgnore, mbAll, mbNoToAll, mbYesToAll, mbHelp). If you display a message to the user containing Yes, OK and Cancel buttons and you want to execute some code if either the Yes or Ok buttons were clicked you can use the next code: Final word: sets are great. Sets might appear confusing to a Delphi beginner, but as soon as you start using set type variables you will find out they provide much more then it sounded in the beginning.

Free Essays on Blind

In the Invisible Man the theme of blindness was constantly associated with the characters and the events. However, one had to â€Å"read between the lines† to truly understand what Ellison was telling his audience. He was not telling you why certain characters were blind in the literary sense, but for you to find the deeper meaning. Ellison simply stated the facts and allowed you, the reader, to find the truth through your own vision. In defining the theme of blindness in the novel I would have to say that the blindness was not a thing but more of an idea that represented a group of people who were too distracted and confused by society to truly see. Rather the group of individuals chooses to ignore the truth. One character that fits into this group is Brother Jack. Brother Jack was the man who proposed the offer to the narrator to join The Brotherhood, but in the end Brother Jack turned out to be a key reason why the narrator left. At the end of the novel the narrator discovers that Brother Jack has a glass eye. When the eye falls out during a meeting the narrator is surprised. â€Å"I lost my eye in the line of duty. What do you think of that?† â€Å"I don’t give a damn how you lost it as long as you keep it hidden.† (p. 475). For one individual the significance of Brother Jack having a glass eye would not be irrelevant to the theme, but it is. The meaning of Brother Jack’s glass eye was parallel to his own lost of vision. Not in the meaning of being able to see the wall or the kitchen, but in the novel’s sense of blindness. Brother Jack had portrayed himself as a man who fought for the rights of all the races and wanted all to join together in The Brotherhood. However, when the ways of society and the other committee members got to him his initial vision was lost. His glass eye represented the substitute for the real thing. In the real truth brother Jack was a dishonest and untrustworthy man. He was the substitute of the rea... Free Essays on Blind Free Essays on Blind In the Invisible Man the theme of blindness was constantly associated with the characters and the events. However, one had to â€Å"read between the lines† to truly understand what Ellison was telling his audience. He was not telling you why certain characters were blind in the literary sense, but for you to find the deeper meaning. Ellison simply stated the facts and allowed you, the reader, to find the truth through your own vision. In defining the theme of blindness in the novel I would have to say that the blindness was not a thing but more of an idea that represented a group of people who were too distracted and confused by society to truly see. Rather the group of individuals chooses to ignore the truth. One character that fits into this group is Brother Jack. Brother Jack was the man who proposed the offer to the narrator to join The Brotherhood, but in the end Brother Jack turned out to be a key reason why the narrator left. At the end of the novel the narrator discovers that Brother Jack has a glass eye. When the eye falls out during a meeting the narrator is surprised. â€Å"I lost my eye in the line of duty. What do you think of that?† â€Å"I don’t give a damn how you lost it as long as you keep it hidden.† (p. 475). For one individual the significance of Brother Jack having a glass eye would not be irrelevant to the theme, but it is. The meaning of Brother Jack’s glass eye was parallel to his own lost of vision. Not in the meaning of being able to see the wall or the kitchen, but in the novel’s sense of blindness. Brother Jack had portrayed himself as a man who fought for the rights of all the races and wanted all to join together in The Brotherhood. However, when the ways of society and the other committee members got to him his initial vision was lost. His glass eye represented the substitute for the real thing. In the real truth brother Jack was a dishonest and untrustworthy man. He was the substitute of the rea...

How to buy a used car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to buy a used car - Essay Example Do merciless bargaining without any hesitation,† he cautioned me. When I reached the umbrella shop, the shopkeeper had just opened the shutters, and I was his first customer of the day. I selected an umbrella, looked at the price tag and exclaimed â€Å"Oh, my God!† and showed my disinclination. The price was $60. â€Å"Don’t you worry? You are my first customer of the day I will give you the discount of 10% and will make it $54† he said. Remembering the golden advice of my guide I said, â€Å"Can you make it $30?† He short back, though not angrily, â€Å"Do you think we make 100% profits?† I was not interested in arguments, and I was about to move. â€Å"Well, take it, you see I am a bit superstitious by nature and you are the first customer of the day. The deal is done†, he said. I decided I must engage this man in shameless bargaining. I said, â€Å"Sorry, I just now recollect I have seen similar umbrellas in the 10Dollar Shop.† The shopkeeper was shocked and said, â€Å"Leave it then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I was about to move, he held me by my hand and said in a low tone, â€Å"Why don’t you understand †¦your are my first customer and I don’t want to spoil my mood for the entire day, by disappointing the first customer†¦well, take it†. I had chosen my dealer carefully after the google search for days together and after listening to the agony of buying the used cars from my friends and relatives. One of my friends had told me curtly, â€Å"Buy a second hand car, if you wish to buy incurable headaches.† The engine of the first car that I examined was roaring as if it was about to declare war on me and I was its sworn enemy. â€Å"The sound will gradually die down as it picks up speed† the dealer assured me. â€Å"This is the best in the lot considering your price range. If you increase the range by $1000 dollars, I will show you better models. Let me assure you, I am an honest and straightforward dealer. I show to the customers

COPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COPD - Essay Example Smoking is the most responsible for the COPD in human beings. 15 percent of smokers have been found to suffer from COPD, along with associated respiratory problems. Passive smoking has also been found to affect small children with respiratory problems, and infections. Lung diseases are often caused by air pollution that in many cases develops into COPD. Occupational pollutants like cadmium and silica create the risks of COPD, particularly in individuals who have the chances of intake of these pollutants. Deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is another major cause of COPD that reflects a hereditary problem in many individuals (Schiffman & Shiel, 2013). The process of the disease of COPD consists of three conditions within an individual. These are chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, and emphysema. The flow of air gets obstructed and hence unable to pass through the airflows often making such obstruction permanent. If patients suffering from asthma are not treated, then such patients tend to have a rigid element of obstruction of the airways leading to COPD. In COPD the limitation in the flow of air is progressive in nature. Moreover it leads to irregular inflammatory reaction of the lungs to lethal particles or harmful gases. The abnormal responses of the inflammations occur â€Å"throughout the proximal and peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature† (O’Connell Smeltzer et al, 2010, p.602). Since the inflammation is chronic in nature and there is a tendency of the body to repair the process, hence the airways reflect alterations and narrowing in their features. As a result of this disease, there a re changes in the components of the lungs as well (O’Connell Smeltzer et al, 2010, p.602). Certain common treatments are available for COPD patients. With intentions to avert further worsening of the conditions of the lungs, to lessen the symptoms and their effects, and to improve the conditions